Your hormones control everything from energy and strength to recovery and muscle-building. Regular testing can identify imbalances that hold you back and help fine-tune your training, diet, and recovery. Here’s a quick summary of the 8 key hormone tests every athlete and bodybuilder should know about:

  • Testosterone: Measures muscle growth and recovery potential.
  • Cortisol: Tracks stress and recovery balance.
  • Growth Hormone (GH): Supports muscle repair and fat metabolism.
  • Thyroid Function: Regulates energy and metabolism.
  • IGF-1: Reflects growth hormone activity for muscle building.
  • Estradiol: Affects recovery, bone health, and fat distribution.
  • DHEA: Precursor to testosterone and estrogen, key for hormonal balance.
  • LH & FSH: Monitors reproductive health and testosterone production.

Why it matters:

  • Hormonal imbalances can lead to fatigue, poor recovery, and reduced performance.
  • Testing provides actionable data to optimize training and avoid overtraining.

Pro Tip: Start with a testosterone-to-cortisol ratio or thyroid panel if you're noticing fatigue, slow recovery, or muscle loss. Dive into the full article for details on each test and how to use them to improve your results.

Fitness Improvement Requires Stress & Cortisol

1. Testosterone Levels

Testing testosterone levels is crucial for athletes, as it directly affects muscle growth, recovery, and overall performance.

Understanding Testosterone Testing

Blood tests are used to measure two key types of testosterone: total testosterone (which includes both free and protein-bound forms) and free testosterone (the active form). For the most accurate results, it's recommended to test between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., when levels are naturally highest [3]. Services like DiscountedLabs.com offer hormone panels at over 2,200 locations across the U.S., delivering confidential results in just 2–7 business days.

This detailed measurement helps assess performance potential and identify areas for improvement.

Normal Testosterone Ranges for Athletes

Gender Normal Range (ng/dL)
Men 300–1,000
Women 15–70

Dr. Paul Gittens, a board-certified urologist and founder of the Rockwell Centers for Sexual Medicine and Wellness, emphasizes:

"It's not all about numbers. It's about how your numbers reflect with your symptoms." [2]

How Testosterone Affects Athletic Performance

Maintaining balanced testosterone levels is essential for any athlete aiming to maximize strength and recovery. Testosterone supports several key functions, including:

  • Promoting muscle protein synthesis
  • Maintaining bone density
  • Speeding up post-workout recovery
  • Regulating fat distribution

It's worth noting that testosterone levels naturally decline by about 1.6% per year, which can influence performance over time.

Signs of Low Testosterone

Be alert to these potential warning signs of low testosterone:

  • Loss of muscle mass despite consistent training
  • Longer recovery periods after workouts
  • Reduced strength gains
  • Unusual fatigue during exercise
  • Lack of motivation to train

Dr. Justin Dubin, a urologist and men's health expert at Memorial Healthcare System, points out:

"Just because your testosterone is very, very high doesn't mean you have a better libido or anything. Everyone's body is different." [2]

2. Cortisol Measurement

Cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone", can directly impact recovery and performance when levels remain elevated for too long. For athletes and bodybuilders, keeping cortisol in check is key to improving training outcomes. This hormone plays a role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and inflammation [7].

Testing Methods and Timing

Cortisol levels can be assessed using three primary methods:

Test Type Collection Time Normal Range (8 a.m.)
Blood Test Morning + 4 p.m. 5-25 mcg/dL
Saliva Test Before bedtime Varies by lab
24-hour Urine Full day collection Lab-specific

Impact on Athletic Performance

When exercise intensity exceeds 60% of VO2 max, cortisol levels naturally rise [6]. While short-term spikes are part of the body's normal response, consistently high levels can lead to:

  • Poor muscle recovery
  • Weakened immune function
  • Loss of bone density
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Increased fat storage

Professor Chris McLellan highlights the importance of monitoring cortisol:

"Cortisol testing provides coaches, trainers and health & fitness professionals with increased capacity in conjunction with existing performance monitoring methods to establish preparedness for training and competition and optimize recovery. With cortisol, what gets measured, gets managed." [4]

Understanding these effects is just the first step. The next challenge is learning how to control elevated cortisol levels.

Managing Cortisol Levels

Overtraining can cause a surge in cortisol that slows recovery and breaks down muscle tissue [8]. To keep cortisol levels balanced:

  • Post-workout nutrition: After exercise, drink a carb-to-protein mix in a 3:1–4:1 ratio to help regulate cortisol [5].
  • Training structure: Build workout routines that include proper rest periods, especially for endurance-focused athletes [5].
  • Recovery strategies: Incorporate stress management techniques and prioritize high-quality sleep [4].

3. Growth Hormone Testing

Growth hormone (GH) testing plays an important role for athletes and bodybuilders aiming to improve performance and recovery. Since GH levels naturally rise and fall throughout the day, accurate testing can reveal useful details about hormonal health and how well training is working.

Testing Methods and Accuracy

Measuring GH isn't straightforward because of its pulsatile secretion pattern. Standard blood tests aren't enough. Instead, endocrinologists rely on specialized tests:

Test Type Purpose Normal Range Approximate Cost
IGF-1 Blood Test Primary screening Age/gender specific $70
GH Stimulation Diagnose deficiency >4 ng/mL (adults) Varies
GH Suppression Diagnose excess <1 ng/mL Varies
Macimorelin Test Oral diagnostic ≤2.8 μg/L Varies

Dr. Jennifer Osipoff, a Pediatric Endocrinologist at Stony Brook Children's Hospital, notes:

"A random GH level is not a clinically relevant value if assessing for growth hormone deficiency or excess. Instead, endocrinologists will measure insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a protein that is made in response to GH secretion." [10]

Impact on Athletic Performance

GH plays a role in muscle growth, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, and recovery. Studies show that athletes using GH supplementation gained an average of 4.6 pounds of lean body mass [11]. However, GH alone doesn't lead to noticeable improvements in strength or exercise performance. This underscores the importance of focusing on natural ways to optimize GH levels.

Natural GH Optimization

Tracking GH levels can help adjust training plans. Here are some insights:

  • Women produce about 50% more GH than men over a 24-hour period [9].
  • GH production decreases by roughly 14% per decade after early adulthood [9].
  • Anaerobic workouts stimulate more GH release compared to steady-state cardio [9].

Testing Considerations

When preparing for GH testing, keep the following in mind:

  • Follow fasting guidelines carefully.
  • Inform your doctor about any medications that could affect results.
  • Schedule tests at times when GH levels are most likely to be measurable.
  • Consider pairing GH testing with IGF-1 measurement for a more complete picture.

4. Thyroid Function Tests

Thyroid tests provide important insights for athletes looking to refine their training. These hormones play a key role in metabolism, muscle function, and overall performance, making thyroid health essential for athletic success.

Core Thyroid Panel Components

Test Type Purpose Indicator
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Initial screening test General thyroid function
Free T4 Measures active thyroid hormone Direct thyroid output
Free T3 Measures active thyroid hormone Reflects metabolic activity
Thyroid Antibodies Identifies autoimmune issues Autoimmune conditions

How Thyroid Hormones Affect Performance

Thyroid hormones impact several areas critical to athletes:

  • Muscle strength, recovery, and protein synthesis
  • Energy production and usage
  • Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
  • Body temperature control
  • Weight stability

Dr. Sumedha Chablani, an endocrinologist and clinical assistant professor at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, notes:

"Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can present with fatigue or changes in energy levels, which can impact athletic performance and endurance."[13]

Understanding these effects helps athletes address potential issues early.

Signs to Watch For

Athletes should pay attention to these symptoms for thyroid imbalances:

Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)

  • Unexplained weight loss with increased appetite
  • Muscle weakness
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Excessive sweating
  • Sleep problems

Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)

  • Persistent fatigue
  • Trouble building or maintaining muscle
  • Slower recovery from workouts
  • Joint and muscle pain
  • Unexplained weight gain

If you notice these signs, testing is critical to confirm and address the issue.

Testing Tips for Athletes

Studies show that 57–90% of hypothyroid patients have elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels [12]. To ensure accurate results:

  • Schedule tests in the early morning.
  • Keep follow-up tests at consistent times.
  • Let your provider know about any medications, supplements, or thyroid concerns.

Athletes using androgenic anabolic steroids should be particularly cautious, as these substances can disrupt thyroid function [12].

Supporting Thyroid Health

Regular testing can guide adjustments to training and recovery routines. Thyroid hormones are important for muscle function, especially in promoting faster muscle fiber types in muscles with a higher proportion of slow fibers [14].

To maintain thyroid health, athletes should focus on:

  • Prioritizing quality sleep
  • Managing training-related stress
  • Following a well-rounded diet
  • Monitoring thyroid levels regularly

Taking care of thyroid health ensures you’re getting the most out of your training efforts.

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5. IGF-1 Blood Test

The IGF-1 blood test measures muscle growth, recovery, and tissue development influenced by growth hormone activity. IGF-1 works alongside growth hormone to support tissue building and muscle protein synthesis.

Understanding IGF-1's Role

About 75% of IGF-1 is produced in the liver [18]. Unlike growth hormone, which fluctuates throughout the day, IGF-1 levels remain steady, making it a reliable marker for assessing average growth hormone activity [16][17].

IGF-1 Function Impact on Performance
Muscle Growth Promotes protein synthesis and muscle development
Recovery Activates satellite cells to aid muscle repair
Metabolism Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake
Bone Health Contributes to bone growth and strength

Testing Considerations

The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) highlights the importance of medical oversight when it comes to IGF-1:

"IGF-1 is produced in response to physiological or pharmaceutical growth hormone (GH), and is responsible for many of the anabolic effects of GH. It can enhance the production of lean muscle as well as aid in recovery time, but when used without medical necessity, exogenous IGF-1 can cause serious harm." [15]

Supporting IGF-1 Naturally

Boost IGF-1 levels through a diet rich in protein and selenium, paired with progressive strength training.

IGF-1 levels naturally rise during childhood, peak during puberty, and decline with age. Always refer to age-specific ranges for accurate interpretation.

Performance Benefits

IGF-1 can improve athletic performance in several ways:

  • Stimulating satellite cells to repair and rebuild muscle fibers
  • Activating the mTOR pathway to increase protein synthesis
  • Reducing protein breakdown by inhibiting FoxO-1
  • Enhancing insulin sensitivity for better glucose uptake [18]

Regular IGF-1 testing can help fine-tune your training plan while ensuring compliance with anti-doping regulations.

6. Estradiol Measurement

Estradiol testing is valuable for both male and female athletes aiming to improve their performance. This hormone plays a role in muscle growth, recovery, bone strength, and overall hormone balance, making it an important factor in crafting an effective performance strategy.

Normal Reference Ranges

Understanding baseline estradiol levels is essential for accurate analysis:

Gender/Status Normal Range (pg/mL)
Male 10–50
Female (Premenopausal) 30–400
Female (Postmenopausal) 0–30

Impact on Athletic Performance

Balanced estradiol levels contribute to muscle strength, recovery, bone density, fat distribution, and mood stability. Studies indicate that estradiol can enhance muscle recovery and strength [20].

Testing Considerations

Accurate estradiol measurements require sensitive testing methods. Opt for FDA-approved techniques to ensure reliable results.

Warning Signs

In men, estradiol levels above 40 pg/mL may indicate potential performance issues. Low estradiol levels can result in:

  • Reduced bone density
  • Slower muscle recovery
  • Sexual health challenges
  • Increased fat accumulation [19]

Identifying these imbalances early helps fine-tune training and overall health strategies.

Optimization Strategies

To maintain healthy estradiol levels:

  • Engage in strength training and maintain a balanced body composition
  • Follow an anti-inflammatory diet rich in vitamin D and calcium
  • Manage stress effectively and prioritize good sleep

For athletes using performance-enhancing substances, avoid excessive estradiol suppression, as it can cause negative health effects [19].

Making informed adjustments based on estradiol levels can lead to better training outcomes.

Regular Monitoring

Incorporate estradiol testing into your routine hormone panel checks to refine your performance strategy and identify any additional markers for optimization.

7. DHEA Blood Test

The DHEA blood test is a useful tool for monitoring hormonal health. DHEA, a steroid hormone produced mainly by the adrenal glands, plays a key role in the production of testosterone and estrogen.

Understanding DHEA Levels

DHEA-S (sulfate) levels naturally vary based on age and gender. They typically peak during puberty and slowly decline as you age. Since lab reference ranges can differ, it's important to review your results with a healthcare provider.

How DHEA Affects Performance

DHEA can influence athletic performance in several ways:

  • It supports muscle growth when combined with resistance training.
  • It helps reduce muscle damage and soreness with doses of about 100 mg daily.
  • It aids in maintaining hormonal balance as a precursor to testosterone and estrogen [22] [23].

When Should You Test?

Athletes might consider testing if they notice signs like unexplained fatigue, reduced performance, difficulty building or maintaining muscle, slow recovery, or other hormonal imbalance symptoms. Women experiencing menstrual irregularities or signs of virilization might also benefit from testing. Identifying these issues early can help you address potential setbacks.

What High or Low Levels Mean

  • High DHEA-S levels: Could indicate conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumors, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
  • Low DHEA-S levels: May suggest adrenal insufficiency or hypopituitarism. They might also reflect the natural decline in hormone production with age.

Tips for Maintaining Healthy DHEA Levels

Athletes looking to maintain or improve their DHEA levels can take these steps:

  • Use trusted providers like Discounted Labs for hormone panels at over 2,200 U.S. locations.
  • Get regular tests every three to six months to track changes.
  • Prioritize quality sleep, manage stress, and follow a balanced diet to support overall hormonal health.

Key Points to Remember

DHEA supplements are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) [21]. Research shows that plasma DHEA-S levels can drop by up to 80% between ages 25 and 75 [22]. Regular blood tests and professional guidance are essential for keeping your hormones in check and staying on top of your performance.

8. LH and FSH Testing

LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) tests offer insight into hormonal balance and endocrine health, especially for athletes and bodybuilders. These hormones, produced by the pituitary gland, play key roles in reproductive health.

What Do LH and FSH Do?

In men, LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, which is crucial for sperm production. FSH, on the other hand, supports the development of healthy sperm. For women, LH is involved in triggering ovulation and regulating the menstrual cycle, while FSH helps ovarian follicles grow and mature. Normal LH levels in men aged 20 to 70 usually range from 0.7 to 7.9 IU/L [25].

These functions highlight why testing is important, particularly when performance or recovery issues arise.

When Should You Get Tested?

Consider testing LH and FSH levels if you notice:

  • Unexplained fatigue or a drop in performance
  • Loss of muscle mass or strength
  • Low sex drive
  • Irregular menstrual cycles (for female athletes)
  • Struggles with workout recovery

What Do Test Results Mean?

Elevated levels may indicate ovarian or testicular failure, while low levels could point to problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. These imbalances can result from chronic stress, overtraining, poor recovery, or nutritional gaps [26].

Supporting Healthy Hormone Levels

To maintain balanced LH and FSH levels, athletes can:

  • Eat a well-rounded diet
  • Adjust training intensity as needed
  • Prioritize recovery time
  • Address insulin resistance through dietary changes [24]
  • Consider a Mediterranean-style diet to support overall hormonal health

The Importance of Regular Monitoring

Routine testing helps athletes keep track of their hormone levels and address imbalances early. Consulting healthcare professionals ensures proper interpretation of results and helps guide effective interventions. This is particularly important for competitive athletes, as prolonged training stress can disrupt the hypothalamus and reduce LH production [24].

Conclusion

Regular hormone testing plays a crucial role for athletes who want to fine-tune their performance. Research shows that up to 85% of people may deal with hormonal imbalances [27], making these tests an important tool for staying in top physical shape.

For instance, a testosterone-to-cortisol ratio drop of 30% or more can signal poor recovery and overtraining [28]. Experts like Dr. Zane Hauck and Dr. Mini Sara Cherian highlight how blood tests help athletes adjust workload, recovery, and overall health [1][29]. These insights ensure training programs are based on solid data.

To get the most out of hormone testing, athletes should keep these factors in mind:

  • Timing Matters: Tests should account for variables like time of day, hydration, training intensity, and - for women - the menstrual cycle [30].
  • Diet Adjustments: Results may suggest dietary changes. For example, consuming up to 2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight and maintaining moderate fat intake can help keep hormone levels in check [30].
  • Recovery Insights: Monitoring hormones can guide recovery strategies and help avoid overtraining [30].

From testosterone to LH/FSH, each test adds to a comprehensive view of hormonal health. Fortunately, FDA-approved labs across the country now widely offer these tests, making it easier than ever for athletes to maintain optimal hormonal health.